Therefore, a comprehensive perspective is required to ensure that all aspects of sustainable development are included in policy interventions for transport. Other sectors also need to contribute, such as those concerned with spatial planning, physical infrastructure, social interaction and institutional policy. Initiatives by the transport sector alone are inadequate to tackle such environmental problems. However, transport can degrade the environment due to the emissions from engine combustion, noise pollution, and fossil fuel processing. Urban inhabitants can take advantage of quality physical infrastructures that reduce travel time, expand economic opportunities, and intensify social interaction. Urban transport infrastructure facilitates the movement of people and logistics for different purposes. Transport is a complex system characterised by an interrelationship between economic, social, and environmental elements. In addition, sustainable transport should support economic development and satisfy people’s needs while at the same time respecting natural laws and human values. One of the targets of Goal 11 is by 2030 to provide safe, affordable, accessible, and sustainable transport systems for all citizens, including road safety improvement and public transport expansion, with special attention paid to vulnerable citizens.
In 2015, the United Nations launched its Sustainable Development Goals, based on three areas divided into seventeen goals and 169 targets, among which is Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities. The implementation of the concept includes three aspects that should be considered simultaneously: environmental, social, and economical. The concept incorporates environmental considerations into conventional development, in which economic and social aspects play a major role in development policies, programmes, and projects. The main idea of this concept is that current development should not compromise the ability of future generations to fulfill their needs.
What policies would you recommend to reduce water use? Provide one example of a command-and-control approach and one example of a market-based policy tool.Sustainable development has become a global policy agenda in many countries since around 40 years ago.
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